HbA1c is the product of the hemoglobin combining with blood glucose in red blood cells, which can reflect the average blood glucose level over the amid 2-3 months.

MAU(Microalbumin) occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of albumin into the urine, which is an early marker of kidney damage.

Serum Cystatin C(Cys-C) has been proposed as a marker of glomerular filtration rate(GFR). Serum creatinine (creatinine) is widely used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate, but its tubular secretion, dependence on muscle mass, alteration in some inflammatory diseases, and analytical interferences can limit its utility. Thus, Cys-C has been proposed as a novel biomarker of kidney function.

NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, lipocalin-2, sidero- calin) is a novel biomarker for diagnosing acute kidney injury (AKI). Under normal conditions NGAL levels are low in urine and plasma Still, they rise sharply from basal levels in response to kidney injury to reach diagnostic levels within a very short time - as much as 24 hours or more before any significant rise in serum creatinine.